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The courtrooms date back to the 14th century and the gaol dates back to at least 1449. The prisons are still there. There was also a working police station from 1905 to 1985, and the courts closed in 1991.
The museum is housed in what was once a fully functioning Victorian courtroom and claims to be "The only site in the country where you could be arrested, sentenced and executed." (stated by Tim Desmond, Chief Executive of Galleries of Justice).
Source: Wikipedia - Galleries of Justice